Handbook of instrumentation and controls

RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs)
Temperature
RTD Construction
Summary
THERMOCOUPLES
Thermocouple Construction
Thermocouple Operation
Summary
FUNCTIONAL USES OF TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
Functions of Temperature Detectors
Detector Problems
Environmental Concerns .
Summary
TEMPERATURE DETECTION CIRCUITRY
Bridge Circuit Construction
Bridge Circuit Operation
Temperature Detection Circuit
Temperature Compensation
Summary

MODUL 2 PRESSURE DETECTORS
PRESSURE DETECTORS
Bellows-Type Detectors
Bourdon Tube-Type Detectors
Summary
PRESSURE DETECTOR FUNCTIONAL USES
Pressure Detector Functions
Detector Failure
Environmental Concerns
Summary
PRESSURE DETECTION CIRCUITRY
Resistance-Type Transducers
Inductance-Type Transducers
Capacitive-Type Transducers
Detection Circuitry
Summary

MODUL 3 LEVEL DETECTORS

LEVEL DETECTORS
Gauge Glass
Ball Float
Chain Float
Magnetic Bond Method
Conductivity Probe Method
Differential Pressure Level Detectors
Summary
DENSITY COMPENSATION
Specific Volume
Reference Leg Temperature Considerations
Pressurizer Level Instruments
Steam Generator Level Instrument
Summary
LEVEL DETECTION CIRCUITRY
Remote Indication
Environmental Concerns
Summary

MODUL 4 FLOW DETECTORS

HEAD FLOW METERS
Orifice Plate
Venturi Tube
Dall Flow Tube
Pitot Tube .
Summary
OTHER FLOW METERS
Area Flow Meter
Displacement Meter
Hot-Wire Anemometer
Electromagnetic Flowmeter
Ultrasonic Flow Equipment
Summary
STEAM FLOW DETECTION
Summary
FLOW CIRCUITRY
Circuitry .
Use of Flow Indication
Environmental Concerns
Summary

MODUL 5 POSITION INDICATORS

SYNCHRO EQUIPMENT
Synchro Equipment
Summary
SWITCHES
Limit Switches
Reed Switches
Summary
VARIABLE OUTPUT DEVICES
Potentiometer
Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT)
Summary
POSITION INDICATION CIRCUITRY
Environmental Concerns
Summary

MODUL 6 RADIATION DETECTORS
OBJECTIVES
RADIATION DETECTION TERMINOLOGY
Electron-Ion Pair
Specific Ionization
Stopping Power
Summary
RADIATION TYPES
Alpha Particle
Beta Particle
Gamma Ray
Neutron .
Summary
GAS-FILLED DETECTOR
Summary
DETECTOR VOLTAGE
Applied Voltage
Summary
PROPORTIONAL COUNTER
Summary

MODUL 7 PROCESS CONTROLS

PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
Introduction
Terminology
Automatic Control System
Functions of Automatic Control
Elements of Automatic Control
Feedback Control
Summary
CONTROL LOOP DIAGRAMS .
Terminology
Feedback Control System Block Diagram
Process Time Lags
Stability of Automatic Control Systems
Summary
TWO POSITION CONTROL SYSTEMS
Controllers
Two Position Controller
Example of Two Position Control
Modes of Automatic Control .
Summary
PROPORTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
Control Mode
Proportional Band
Example of a Proportional Process Control System
Summary
RESET (INTEGRAL) CONTROL SYSTEMS
Reset Control (Integral)
Definition of Integral Control
Example of an Integral Flow Control System
Properties of Integral Control
Summary
PROPORTIONAL PLUS RESET CONTROL SYSTEMS
Proportional Plus Reset
Example of Proportional Plus Reset Control
Reset Windup
Summary
PROPORTIONAL PLUS RATE CONTROL SYSTEMS
Proportional-Derivative
Definition of Derivative Control
Example of Proportional Plus Rate Control
Applications
Summary
PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL-DERIVATIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS
Proportional-Integral-Derivative
Proportional Plus Reset Plus Rate Controller Actions
Summary
CONTROLLERS
Controllers
Control Stations
Self-Balancing Control Stations
Summary
VALVE ACTUATORS
Actuators
Pneumatic Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
Electric Solenoid Actuators
Electric Motor Actuators
Summary


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TECHNORATI TAGS:instumentation+and+control

Handbook of electrical science

Volume 1 of 4
Module 1 - Basic Electrical Theory
This module describes basic electrical concepts and introduces electrical terminology.
Module 2 - Basic DC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of direct current (DC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.
Volume 2 of 4
Module 3 - DC CircuitsT his module introduces the rules associated with the reactive components of inductance and capacitance and how they affect DC circuits.
Module 4 - Batteries
This module introduces batteries and describes the types of cells used, circuit arrangements, and associated hazards.
Module 5 - DC Generators
This module describes the types of DC generators and their application in terms of voltage production and load characteristics.
Module 6 - DC Motors
This module describes the types of DC motors and includes discussions of speed control, applications, and load characteristics.
Volume 3 of 4
Module 7 - Basic AC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of alternating current (AC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.
Module 8 - AC Reactive Components
This module describes inductance and capacitance and their effects on AC circuits.
Module 9 - AC Power
This module presents power calculations for single-phase and three-phase AC circuits and includes the power triangle concept.
Module 10 - AC Generators
This module describes the operating characteristics of AC generators and includes terminology, methods of voltage production, and methods of paralleling
AC generation sources.
Module 11 - Voltage Regulators
This module describes the basic operation and application of voltage regulators.
Volume 4 of 4
Module 12 - AC Motors
This module explains the theory of operation of AC motors and discusses the various types of AC motors and their application.

Module 13 - Transformers
This module introduces transformer theory and includes the types of transformers, voltage/current relationships, and application.
Module 14 - Test Instruments and Measuring Devices
This module describes electrical measuring and test equipment and includes the parameters measured and the principles of operation of common instruments.
Module 15 - Electrical Distribution Systems
This module describes basic electrical distribution systems and includes characteristics of system design to ensure personnel and equipment safet


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TECHNORATI TAGS:Electrical+Sciences

HAND BOOK OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1.0 INTRODUCTION1-1
1.1 PURPOSE
1.2 SCOPE
1.3 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ)
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE OR REPAIRS
2.1.1 WORK ON ENERGIZED/DEENERGIZED
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.1.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKING ON
ENERGIZED SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
2.1.3. SAFETY WATCH RESPONSIBILITIES
AND QUALIFICATIONS
2.2 BASIC SAFEGUARDS
2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3.1 MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3.2 EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES
2.4 REVIEWS/INSPECTIONS
2.5 APPROVAL OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.6 CODES, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS
2.7 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS
2.7.1 HOW A GFCI WORKS
2.7.2 USES
2.8 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS OF QUALIFIED WORKERS
2.8.1 FORMAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS
2.8.2 TRAINING OF SAFETY PERSONNEL
2.9 WORKING SPACE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.9.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED AT 600 VOLTS OR LESS
2.9.2 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED OVER 600 VOLTS
2.10 IDENTIFICATION OF DISCONNECTION MEANS
2.10.1 DISCONNECTING MEANS
2.10.2 PANELBOARD CIRCUIT DIRECTORIES
2.10.3 ENCLOSURE LABELING
2.10.4 LOAD LABELING
2.10.5 SOURCE LABELING
2.11 WORK INSTRUCTIONS
2.11.1 SAFE WORK INSTRUCTIONS AND SUPERVISION
2.11.2 WORK INSTRUCTIONS
2.11.3 WORK PLANNING
2.12 ELECTRICAL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
2.12.1 MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITIES
2.12.2 INSPECTING PPE
2.12.3 CLEANING AND ELECTRICAL TESTING OF PPE
2.12.3.1 TESTING
2.12.3.2 TESTING APPARATUS
2.12.3.3 RETESTED PPE
2.12.4 LIVE-LINE TOOLS
2.12.4.1 FIBERGLASS-HANDLED TOOLS
2.12.4.2 WOODEN-HANDLED TOOLS
2.12.5 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE
2.12.6 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE FOR LIVE-LINE TOOLS
2.12.7 RUBBER-INSULATED GLOVES
2.12.8 STORAGE
2.12.9 SAFETY SHOES, HATS, AND GLASSES
2.13 WORK PRACTICES
2.13.1 TRAINING
2.13.1.1 LIVE PARTS
2.13.1.2 SAFE PROCEDURE
2.13.1.3 CIRCUITS AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.1.4 STORED ELECTRICAL ENERGY
2.13.1.5 STORED NONELECTRICAL ENERGY
2.13.1.6 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURE
2.13.2 VERIFICATION OF DEENERGIZED CONDITION
2.13.2.1 VOLTAGE VERIFICATION TEST
2.13.2.2 APPLICATION OF GROUNDS
2.13.3 REENERGIZING EQUIPMENT
2.13.3.1 TESTS AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS
2.13.3.2 WARNING EMPLOYEES
2.13.3.3 REMOVING LOCK AND TAG
2.13.4 SAFE ENERGIZED WORK (HOT WORK)
2.13.4.1 APPROACH DISTANCE
2.13.4.2 TWO WORKERS
2.13.4.3 ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES
2.13.4.4 UNEXPECTED ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
2.13.4.5 ILLUMINATION
2.13.4.6 SYSTEMS UNDER LOAD
2.13.4.7 WORKING WITH TEST INSTRUMENTS
AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.4.7.1 QUALIFIED EMPLOYEES
2.13.4.7.2 VISUAL INSPECTIONS
2.13.4.7.3 RATING INSTRUMENTS AND
EQUIPMENT
2.13.4.7.4 CALIBRATION OF
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

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GROUNDING AND BOUNDING

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Scope
Objectives
References
Overview of the inspection program

CHAPTER 2. FACILITY ELEMENTS AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Generic C4ISR facility elements
Element descriptions
C4ISR facility protection requirements
Role of grounding
Role of bonding
Role of shielding

CHAPTER 3. FACILITY GROUND SYSTEM FOR NEW C4ISR FACILITIES
Ground systems
Earth electrode subsystem
Fault protection subsystem
Lightning protection subsystem
Signal reference subsystem.

CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) PROTECTION
Purpose of EMI protection
Typical configuration
Design considerations
Typical components and installation details
Interfaces with other grounding and bonding subsystems
Inspections and testing
Baseline configuration documentation

CHAPTER 5. ELECTROMAGNETTC PULSE (EMP) PROTECTION
Purpose of EMP protection
Types of EMP
Effects of EMP on facility systems
Grounding protection against EMP
Typical components and installation details
Interfaces with other grounding and bonding subsystems
Inspections and testing
Baseline configuration documentation

CHAPTER 6. EVALUATING, MODIFYING, AND MAINTAINING
EXISTING C4ISR FACILITIES
Purpose of evaluating, modifying and maintaining
C4ISR facilities
Facility survey
Performance evaluation program
Upgrades
Expansions

CHAPTER 7. MAINTENANCE OF GROUNDING AND BONDING SYSTEMS
Purpose of maintenance of grounding and bonding systems
Configuration control
Maintenance and repair records
Earth electrode subsystem
Fault protection subsystem
Lightning protection subsystem
Signal reference subsystem
Facility shielding
Performance evaluation program
APPENDIX A REFERENCES A-1


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TECHNORATI TAGS:CHAPTER 2. FACILITY ELEMENTS AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Generic C4ISR facility elements
Element descriptions
C4ISR protection requirements
Role of grounding
Role bonding
Role shielding

CHAPTER 3. GROUND SYSTEM FOR NEW FACILITIES
Ground systems
Earth electrode subsystem
Fault subsystem
Lightning subsystem
Signal reference subsystem.

CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) PROTECTION
Purpose EMI protection
Typical configuration
Design

FUEL CELL HAND BOOK

1. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 UNIT CELLS 1-2
1.2.1 Basic Structure 1-2
1.2.2 Critical Functions of Cell Components
1.3 FUEL CELL STACKING1-4
1.3.1 Planar-Bipolar Stacking 1-4
1.3.2 Stacks with Tubular Cells 1-5
1.4 FUEL CELL SYSTEMS1-5
1.5 FUEL CELL TYPES1-7
1.5.1 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC1-9
1.5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC1-10
1.5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC1-10
1.5.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 1-11
1.5.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 1-12
1.6 CHARACTERISTICS1-12
1.7 ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES1-14
1.8 APPLICATIONS, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND STATUS 1-15
1.8.1 Stationary Electric Power1-15
1.8.2 Distributed Generation 1-20
1.8.3 Vehicle Motive Power1-22
1.8.4 Space and Other Closed Environment Power 1-23
1.8.5 Auxiliary Power Systems 1-23
1.8.6 Derivative Applications1-32
1.9 REFERENCES1-32
2. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE2-1
2.1 THE ROLE OF GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND NERNST POTENTIAL2-1
2.2 IDEAL PERFORMANCE 2-4
2.3 CELL ENERGY BALANCE2-7
2.4 CELL EFFICIENCY 2-7
2.5 ACTUAL PERFORMANCE2-10
2.6 FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE VARIABLES2-18
2.7 MATHEMATICAL MODELS2-24
2.7.1 Value-in-Use Models 2-26
2.7.2 Application Models2-27
2.7.3 Thermodynamic System Models2-27
2.7.4 3-D Cell / Stack Models 2-29
2.7.5 1-D Cell Models2-31
2.7.6 Electrode Models2-32
2.8 REFERENCES2-33
3. POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS 3-1
3.1 CELL COMPONENTS3-1
3.1.1 State-of-the-Art Components 3-2
3.1.2 Component Development3-11
3.2 PERFORMANCE 3-14

3.3 PEFC SYSTEMS3-16
3.3.1 Direct Hydrogen PEFC Systems 3-16
3.3.2 Reformer-Based PEFC Systems3-17
3.3.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Systems 3-19
3.4 PEFC APPLICATIONS3-21
3.4.1 Transportation Applications3-21
3.4.2 Stationary Applications 3-22
3.5 REFERENCES3-22
4. ALKALINE FUEL CELL4-1
4.1 CELL COMPONENTS4-5
4.1.1 State-of-the-Art Components 4-5
4.1.2 Development Components 4-6
4.2 PERFORMANCE 4-7
4.2.1 Effect of Pressure 4-8
4.2.2 Effect of Temperature 4-9
4.2.3 Effect of Impurities -11
4.2.4 Effects of Current Density4-12
4.2.5 Effects of Cell Life4-14
4.3 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR AFC4-14
4.4 REFERENCES4-16
5. PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL 5-1
5.1 CELL COMPONENTS5-2
5.1.1 State-of-the-Art Components 5-2
5.1.2 Development Components 5-6
5.2 PERFORMANCE 5-11
5.2.1 Effect of Pressure 5-12
5.2.2 Effect of Temperature 5-13
5.2.3 Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization 5-14
5.2.4 Effect of Impurities 5-16
5.2.5 Effects of Current Density5-19
5.2.6 Effects of Cell Life5-20
5.3 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR PAFC5-21
5.4 REFERENCES5-22
6. MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL 6-1
6.1 CELL COMPONENTS6-4
6.1.1 State-of-the-Art Componments 6-4
6.1.2 Development Components 6-9
6.2 PERFORMANCE 6-13
6.2.1 Effect of Pressure 6-15
6.2.2 Effect of Temperature 6-19
6.2.3 Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization 6-21
6.2.4 Effect of Impurities 6-25
6.2.5 Effects of Current Density6-30
6.2.6 Effects of Cell Life6-30
6.2.7 Internal Reforming 6-30
6.3 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR MCFC6-34
6.4 REFERENCES6-38

7. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS7-1
7.1 CELL COMPONENTS7-2
7.1.1 Electrolyte Materials 7-2
7.1.2 Anode Materials 7-3
7.1.3 Cathode Materials 7-5
7.1.4 Interconnect Materials7-6
7.1.5 Seal Materials7-9
7.2 CELL AND STACK DESIGNS 7-13
7.2.1 Tubular SOFC 7-13
7.2.1.1 Performance 7-20
7.2.2 Planar SOFC7-31
7.2.2.1 Single Cell Performance7-35
7.2.2.2 Stack Performance7-39
7.2.3 Stack Scale-Up7-41
7.3 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 7-45
7.4 REFERENCES7-45
8. FUEL CELL SYSTEMS8-1
8.1 SYSTEM PROCESSES 8-2
8.1.1 Fuel Processing 8-2
8.2 POWER CONDITIONING8-27
8.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Power Conditioning Systems8-28
8.2.2 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying a Dedicated Load [2,3,48-29
8.2.3 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying Backup Power to a Load
Connected to a Local Utility 8-34
8.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying a Load Operating in Parallel
With the Local Utility (Utility Interactive) 8-37
8.2.5 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Connecting Directly to the Local Utility8-37
8.2.6 Power Conditioners for Automotive Fuel Cells 8-39
8.2.7 Power Conversion Architecture for a Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrid Interfaced
With a Local Utility8-41
8.2.8 Fuel Cell Ripple Current 8-43
8.2.9 System Issues: Power Conversion Cost and Size8-44
8.2.10 REFERENCES (Sections 8.1 and 8.2) 8-45
8.3 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION8-46
8.3.1 Pressure 8-46
8.3.2 Temperature 8-48
8.3.3 Utilization8-49
8.3.4 Heat Recovery8-50
8.3.5 Miscellaneous8-51
8.3.6 Concluding Remarks on System Optimization 8-51
8.4 FUEL CELL SYSTEM DESIGNS8-52
8.4.1 Natural Gas Fueled PEFC System 8-52
8.4.2 Natural Gas Fueled PAFC System 8-53
8.4.3 Natural Gas Fueled Internally Reformed MCFC System8-56
8.4.4 Natural Gas Fueled Pressurized SOFC System8-58
8.4.5 Natural Gas Fueled Multi-Stage Solid State Power Plant System 8-62
8.4.6 Coal Fueled SOFC System8-66
8.4.7 Power Generation by Combined Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine System 8-70
8.4.8 Heat and Fuel Recovery Cycles 8-70

8.5 FUEL CELL NETWORKS 8-82
8.5.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Networks: Principles, Analysis and
Performance 8-82
8.5.2 MCFC Network8-86
8.5.3 Recycle Scheme 8-86
8.5.4 Reactant Conditioning Between Stacks in Series8-86
8.5.5 Higher Total Reactant Utilization 8-87
8.5.6 Disadvantages of MCFC Networks8-88
8.5.7 Comparison of Performance8-88
8.5.8 Conclusions 8-89
8.6 HYBRIDS8-89
8.6.1 Technology8-89
8.6.2 Projects8-92
8.6.3 World’s First Hybrid Project8-93
8.6.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) 8-93
8.7 FUEL CELL AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEMS8-96
8.7.1 System Performance Requirements8-97
8.7.2 Technology Status8-98
8.7.3 System Configuration and Technology Issues 8-99
8.7.4 System Cost Considerations8-102
8.7.5 SOFC System Cost Structure 8-103
8.7.6 Outlook and Conclusions 8-104
8.8 REFERENCES8-104
9. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS9-1
9.1 UNIT OPERATIONS9-1
9.1.1 Fuel Cell Calculations 9-1
9.1.2 Fuel Processing Calculations 9-13
9.1.3 Power Conditioners9-16
9.1.4 Others 9-16
9.2 SYSTEM ISSUES9-16
9.2.1 Efficiency Calculations 9-17
9.2.2 Thermodynamic Considerations9-19
9.3 SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS9-22
9.4 COST CALCULATIONS9-25
9.4.1 Cost of Electricity9-25
9.4.2 Capital Cost Development 9-26
9.5 COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS 9-27
9.6 AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN CALCULATIONS9-28
9.7 REFERENCES9-29
10. APPENDIX 10-1
10.1 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 10-1
10.2 CONTAMINANTS FROM COAL GASIFICATION10-2
10.3 SELECTED MAJOR FUEL CELL REFERENCES, 1993 TO PRESENT10-4
10.4 LIST OF SYMBOLS10-10
10.5 FUEL CELL RELATED CODES AND STANDARDS10-14
10.5.1 Introduction10-14
10.5.2 Organizations 10-15
10.5.3 Codes & Standards10-16
10.5.4 Codes and Standards for Fuel Cell Manufacturers10-17

10.5.5 Codes and Standards for the Installation of Fuel Cells 10-19
10.5.6 Codes and Standards for Fuel Cell Vehicles 10-19
10.5.7 Application Permits10-19
10.5.8 References 10-21
10.6 FUEL CELL FIELD SITE DATA10-21
10.6.1 Worldwide Sites 10-21
10.6.2 DoD Field Sites 10-24
10.6.3 IFC Field Units10-24
10.6.4 FuelCell Energy10-24
10.6.5 Siemens Westinghouse10-24
10.7 HYDROGEN10-31
10.7.1 Introduction10-31
10.7.2 Hydrogen Production 10-32
10.7.3 DOE’s Hydrogen Research 10-34
10.7.4 Hydrogen Storage10-35
10.7.5 Barriers10-36
10.8 THE OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY WORK IN FUEL
CELLS 10-36
10.9 RARE EARTH MINERALS 10-38
10.9.1 Introduction10-38
10.9.2 Outlook10-40
10.10 REFERENCES10-41
11. INDEX11-1

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TECHNORATI TAGS:1. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 UNIT CELLS 1-2
1.2.1 Basic Structure 1-2
1.2.2 Critical Functions of Cell Components
1.3 FUEL CELL STACKING1-4
1.3.1 Planar-Bipolar Stacking 1-4
1.3.2 Stacks with Tubular Cells 1-5
1.4 SYSTEMS1-5
1.5 TYPES1-7
1.5.1 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel (PEFC1-9
1.5.2 Alkaline (AFC1-10
1.5.3 Phosphoric Acid (PAFC1-10
1.5.4 Molten Carbonate (MCFC) 1-11
1.5.5 Solid Oxide (SOFC) 1-12
1.6 CHARACTERISTIC

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Electronics

* Basic Concepts of Electricity
* Ohm’s Law
* Electrical Safety
* Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes
* Series and Parallel Circuits
* Divider Circuits and Kirchhoff’S Laws
* Series-Parallel Combination Circuits
* DC Metering Circuits
* Electrical Instrumentation Signal
* DC Network Analysis
* Batteries and Power Systems
* Physics of Conductors and Insulators
* Capacitors
* Magnetism and Electromagnetism
* Inductors
* RC and L/R Time Constant

AC

* Basic AC Theory
* Complex Numbers
* Reactance and Impedance — Inductive
* Reactance and Impedance — Capacitive
* Reactance and Impedance — R, L, and C
* Resonance
* Mixed-Frequency AC Signals
* Filters
* Transformers
* Polyphase AC Circuits
* Power Factor
* AC Metering Circuits
* AC Motors
* Transmission Lines
* Semiconductors
* Amplifiers and Active Devices
* Solid-State Device Theory
* Diodes and Rectifiers
* Bipolar Junction Transistors
* Junction Field-Effect Transistors
* Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistors
* Thyristors
* Operational Amplifiers
* Practical Analog Semiconductor Circuits
* Electron Tubes

Digital

* Numeration Systems
* Binary Arithmetic
* Logic Gates
* Switches
* Electromechanical Relays
* Ladder Logic
* Boolean Algebra
* Karnaugh Mapping
* Multivibrators
* Counters
* Shift Registers
* Digital-Analog Conversion
* Digital Communication
* Digital Storage (Memory)
* Principles of Digital Computing

Experiments

* Introduction
* Basic Concepts and Test Equipment
* DC Circuits
* AC Circuits
* Discrete Semiconductor Circuits
* Analog Integrated Circuits
* Digital Integrated Circuits

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TECHNORATI TAGS: * Basic Concepts of Electricity
Ohm’s Law
Electrical Safety
Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes
Series Parallel Circuits
Divider Circuits Kirchhoff’S Laws
Series-Parallel Combination DC Metering Instrumentation Signal
Network Analysis
Batteries Power Systems
Physics Conductors Insulators
Capacitors
Magnetism Electromagnetism
Inductors
RC L/R

CENTRAL BOILER PLANTS

TOC

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Section I.
Introduction
Purpose
Central Boiler Plants
Equipment
Section II.
Elementary Combustion Principles
Fossil Fuels
Combustion
Combustion of Coal
Combustion of Oil
Combustion of Natural Gas
Soot and Smoke
Flue Gas Analysis and Temperature
Combustion Efficiency
Boiler Efficiency.
Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Section III.
Principles of Steam and Hot Water Generation
Basic Principles
Heat Transfer

CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
Boilers and Heat Exchangers
Boiler Classifications
Boiler Design Requirements
F a b r i c a t ion .
Fire Tube Boilers
Water Tube Boilers
Hot Water Generators
Economizers
Air Heaters
Boiler Accessories and Fittings
ASME Requirements
Gage Glass, Gage Cocks
Water Columns
Pressure Gage, Temperature Gage
Safety Valves
Boiler Outlet Valves
Blowoff Valves and Piping.
Fusible Plugs .
Sootblowers .
Fuel- Handling and Combustion Equipment

CHAPTER 3. OPERATION
Section I.
Preliminary Operating Procedures
Plant Operation Considerations
Standing Operating Procedures
Daily and Monthly Boiler Plant Operating Logs
Inspection
Applicable Codes
Basis for Comments
Preparation for Startup
Starting Fire
Warm-up Time .
Placing a High Pressue Steam Boiler in Service
Placing a Hot Water Boiler in Service
Section II.
Operating Adjustments and Procedures
Boiler Operation.
Maintaining Pressure or Temperature
Feedwater and Boiler Water Treatment
Controlling Feedwater
Boiler Accessories
Coal Firing Procedures
Combustion Controls
Boiler Safety Controls
Centrifugal Pumps
Direct-acting Pumps
Injectors
Fans
Feedwater Heating and Treatment
Economizer, Air Heater and Pollution Control
Secion III
Optimizing Central Plant Efficiency
Optimizing Combustion Efficiency
Optimizing Boiler Plant Efficiency
Optimizing Central Boiler Plant Efficiency

Chapter 4 Water Treatment for Boiler Plant
Section I Introduction
Objectives of water treatment
Impurities in water
Results and Reactions of Boiler Water Impurities
Controlling Impurities
Treatment Requirements
Section II Equipment and Chemicals
External Treatment Equipment
Internal Treatment
Blowdown
Section III Operation
Boiler Water Treatment Operation Log
Procurement of Standard and Special Treatment Chemicals
Care and Mixing of Treatment Chemicals
Initial Flushing and Cleaning
Flushing and Cleaning of Scaled and Corroded Boilers
Sampling
Chemical Analysis
General Operation of External Treatment Equipment
Safety Precautions
Care of Idle Steel Boilers

Chapter 5 Inspection and Preventive Maintenance
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Types of Maintenance
Responsibility
Inspection
Housekeeping
Utilities Inspection and Service Records
Tools
Spare Parts
Special Supplies
Scheduled Preventive Maintenance
Scheduling and Use of The Information
Boilers
Economizers
Air Heaters
Water Columns
Safety Valves
Fusible Plugs
Sootblowers
Stokers
Pulverized Coal Equipment
Coal Handling Equipment
Ash Handling Equipment
Oil Burners
Oil Handling Equipment
Gas Burners .
Feedwater Drum Level Controls
Combustion Controls
Boiler Safety Controls
Instrumentation
Mechanical Collectors
Stacks
Zeolite Water Softeners
Hot Lime-Soda Softeners
Deaerating Heaters and Dearators
Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Steam Injectors
Steam Turbine (Non-Condensing)
Air Compressors
Steam Traps
Electric Motors
Forced-Draft and Induced-Draft Fans
Command Inspections
Technical Inspection
Major Army Command Inspections
REFERENCES
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
External Treatment Plants
Boiler Water
Miscellaneous Tests

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TECHNORATI TAGS:Central Boiler Plants
Equipment
Section II.
Elementary Combustion Principles
Fossil Fuels
Combustion
Combustion of Coal
Combustion Oil
Combustion Natural Gas
Soot and Smoke
Flue Gas Analysis Temperature
Combustion Efficiency
Boiler Efficiency.
Central Plant Efficiency
Section III.
Principles Steam Hot Water Generation
Basic Principles
Heat Transfer

CHAPTER 2. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
Boilers Heat Exchangers
Boiler Classifications
Boiler Design Requirements
F a b r i

basic hydraulic systems and components

Lesson 1: Hydraulic Reservoirs, Filters, Pumps, Accumulators, and Motors
Practice Exercise
Answer Key and Feedback

Lesson 2: Basic Construction and Operation of Hydraulic Actuating Devices, Flow Control, and Directional Devices 25 Practice Exercise
Answer Key and Feedback

Lesson 3: Hydraulic Pressure-Limiting, Controlling, and Sensing Devices
Practice Exercise
Answer Key and Feedback
Examination


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TECHNORATI TAGS:HYDRAULICS HYDRAULIC+SYSTEMS HYDRAULIC+SYSTEM COMPONENTS